Transforminggrowthfactor-beta(TGF-beta)belongstoafamilyofdimeric25kDapolypeptidesthatareubiquitouslydistributedintissuesandsynthesizedbymanydifferentcells.ThreeisoformsoftransformingGrowthFactor-beta(TGF-beta1,beta-2andbeta-3)existinmammals.Theyplaycriticalrolesingrowthregulationanddevelopment.TheTGFbetaspossessthreemajoractivities:theyinhibitproliferationofmostcells,butcanstimulatethegrowthofsomemesechymalcells;theyexertimmunosuppressiveeffectsandtheyenhancetheformationofextracellularmatrix.TheTGF-betasareinvolvedinwoundrepairprocessesandinstartinginflammatoryreactionandthenintheresolutionthroughchemotacticattractionofinflammatorycellsandfibroblast.MeasurementofTGF-beta1inbloodhasbeenadvocatedfordiagnosisofvariousdiseases.TGF-beta1hasbeenshowntobeanorganizerofresponsestoneurodegeneration.Inthiscontext,itturnedouttobeinterestinginmonitoringAlzheimer’sdisease,Down’ssyndrome,AIDSandParkinson’sdisease.SerumandcerebrospinalfluidlevelsofMultipleSclerosispatientswereshowntobeofgreatvaluetomonitorremissionandacutephases.TGF-beta1isthoughttoplayanimportantroleinbonemetabolism,itisconsideredaputativeregulatorofosteoclastic-osteoblasticinteraction,thusitcanberegardedasa
Markerforosteoporosis.TGF-beta1isinvolvedinthepathogenesisofglomerulardiseasessuchasdiabeticnephropathyandglomerulosclerosis.TGF-beta1hasbeendescribedtobefunctionallyconnectedtomajorimmunesystemabnormalitiesasinautoimmunity(SLE).Serumlevelshavebeenshowntocorrelatewithdiseaseactivityinautoimmunehepatitis.ElevatedserumlevelsofTGF-beta1aredeterminedinChronicfatiguesyndromepatientsandinGuillain-Bairesyndromepatients.AninversecorrelationwithdiseaseactivitywasdescribedforTGF-beta1levelsinKawasakidiseaseandpatientswithIgAdeficiency.TGF-beta1hasbeenconfirmedtopromotefibroticprocesses,thusitisimplicatedinthemyelofibrosiswithmyeloidmetaplasia.IncreasedserumlevelsofTGF-beta1inpatientsaffectedbythromboticthromocytopenicpurpuraimplicateitsfunctiononbonemarrowhaematopoiesis.DeterminationofcirculatingTGF-beta1turnedouttoreflectthevariousstagesinsolidtumorsashasbeenshownforcervicalcancer,elevationswerefur
Thermorefoundinprostaticcancer,bladdercancer,andlivercancer.DecreasedlevelsofTGF-beta1intheserumofsepsisandacutestrokepatientsmayreflectthechangingimmunological-inflammatorystatusofthesepatients.DecreasedTGF-beta1serumlevelsweredescribedforpatientswithacutePlasmodiumfalciparummalaria.
Synonyms:Latency-associatedpeptide(LAP)
ForconcretedatapleaseconsulttheInstructionforUseinthedownloadboxontherightside.